Peace Agreements and Civil Wars in Africa: Insurgent Motivations, State Responses, and Third Party Peacemaking in Liberia, Rwanda, and Sierra Leone By Julius Mutwol
Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Conflict Resolution Theory and Peace Accords
Defining Success and Failure in Peace Agreements
Frameworks and Hypotheses
Third Parties in Civil War Agreements
Conflict Dynamics
External Interveners and Peace Agreements
Chapter 2: Standing Mediation Committee (SMC) Phase
Background to the Civil War
Outbreak of the Civil War
Government Response to the Invasion
Beginning of Conflict Mediation
ECOWAS Decides to Intervene Militarily
Banjul I Ceasefire, October 1990
The Bamako Accord, November 1990
Banjul II Accord, December 1990
The Lome Accord, February 1991
The All-Liberian Conference, April 1991
Chapter 3: Yamoussoukro Phase, June 1991–October 1992
Ripening of the Conflict
The Yamoussoukro I Accord, June 1991
The Yamoussoukro II Accord, July 1991
The Yamoussoukro III Accord, September 1991
The Yamoussoukro IV Accord, 30 October 1991
Explaining the Signing of Yamoussoukro IV Accord
Why Yamoussoukro IV Failed
Geneva “Clarification”, April 1992
Chapter 4: Cotonou, Akosombo, and Accra Accords, July 1993–December 1994
From Stalemate to Negotiations, October 1992-July 1993
Consequences of ECOMOG Peace Enforcement
International Pressure for Negotiations
The Cotonou Accord, 25 July 1993
Implementation of the Accord
The Akosombo Peace Accord, 12 September 1994
The Accra Peace Accord, 21 December 1994
Chapter 5: Abuja Peace Accords, August 1995–July 1997
From Accra to Abuja I, December 1994-August 1995
The Abuja I Peace Accord
Explaining the Abuja I Peace Accord
The Interim Government and Implementation of Abuja I Accord
The Abuja II Peace Accord, 17 August 1996
Implementation of the Abuja II Peace Accord
Why the Abuja II Accord was Successfully Implemented
Chapter 6: Arusha Peace Accord
Background and Causes of the Civil War
Preparations for the Invasion
Government Response to the War
Early Attempts at Peace Making
The Arusha Peace Negotiations
Explaining the Peace Accords
UN Implementation of the Peace Accords
Collapse of the Accords
Chapter 7: The Abidjan Peace Accord
Background and the Warring Parties
Government Response to the War
The NPRC Coup and the War
Early Peace Negotiations
Civil Society Initiatives
The Abidjan Peace Negotiations and Peace Accord
Implementation of the Accord and Why it Failed
Chapter 8: Conakry Peace Accord
Responses to the AFRC Coup
Nigeria Reverses Coup and Fails
The Search for a Mediated Solution
International Support for the Sanctions
ECOWAS Six-Month Peace Plan, 23 October 1997
Implementation of the Accord
Chapter 9: The Lome Peace Accord
Kabbah’s Restoration and the Aftermath
ECOMOG Conduct of the War
Intensification of Fighting and Invasion of Freetown
Creating the ‘Ripe’ Moment
The Lome Negotiations
Main Provisions of the Accord
Collapse of the Peace Accord
British Intervention and Abuja I and II Accords
Chapter 10: Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
